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この度、ミュオグラフィの最新動向を紹介する新しい本が出版されました。ミュオグラフィは地球科学が対象とする物体の内部構造を視覚化できる技術です。ミュオグラフィとは、広義には素粒子ミュオンの自然、社会、文化への活用を対象とする学問の分野のことを言いますが、狭義には宇宙線に由来する高エネルギーミュオンの強い透過性を利用した巨大物体の透視撮影技術でミューオン・ラジオグラフィとも呼ばれます。同透視撮影技術は遅くとも1950年代には岩盤の密度測定方法として提案されましたが、50年以上経った2007年、火山内部の撮影に初めて成功しました。2017年には、エジプトクフ王のピラミッド内部に新たな空洞が見つかりました。ミュオグラフィは2009年に名付けられ、現在では、透視撮影技術だけでなく、測位技術、時刻同期技術、通信技術などより広範な領域を網羅します。本書はこれらのうち透視技術撮影、更に地球科学的撮影対象にフォーカスした内容となっています。
宇宙線ミュオンには以下7つの特徴があります。
(1) 貫通力が強い (kmにおよぶ岩盤を透過できる)
(2) 進行経路は物質によらず直線
(3) 昼夜問わずほぼ一定のレートで
(4) 全地球表面に降り注ぐ (惑星、系外惑星でも生成される)
(5) ほぼ常にほぼ真空中の光速度 (私たちが普段目にする光より速い)
(6) 到着時刻は真性乱数 (私たちが普段目にするのは擬似乱数)
(7) ほぼ圏界面で多重生成
本書で詳しく解説するミュオグラフィを応用したイメージング技術では (1)～(4) の特徴を用います。これらの特徴を用いることで、ミュオグラフィを使えば、地表の下に潜む地球の構造、過程、物質の移動を可視化できます。ミュオグラフィはX線レントゲン撮影技術のように放射線を発生させる必要はなく、宇宙から到来する天然資源を用いて地質学的物体の内部構造を非破壊かつ、高い解像度で、あたかもX線レントゲン写真を撮影するように、イメージングすることができます。本書『Muography: Exploring Earth's Subsurface with Elementary Particles』では、ミュオグラフィの地球科学への応用とそれが従来の地球物理学的観測手法とどう相補的に活用できるのかについて探求します。
本書のハイライトは以下の内容を含んでいます。
ミュオグラフィの原理及びフィールドにおける先駆的研究
ミュオグラフィ画像処理における様々なアプローチ
ミュオグラフィを用いた火山の内部構造や活動の観測
ミュオグラフィを用いた地球物理学的探査とその鉱山開発への応用
ミュオグラフィの環境学的応用
ミュオグラフィにおける技術開発の最新動向
(紹介文執筆者: 地震研究所 教授 田中 宏幸 / 2022)
本の目次
1 Principles of Muography and Pioneering Works
Hiroyuki K.M Tanaka
Part I: Muographic Image Processing
2 Tomographic Imaging of Volcano Structures with Cosmic-ray Muons
Seigo Miyamoto and Shogo Nagahara
3 Joint Inversion of Muography and Gravity Data for 3D Density Imaging of Volcanoes
Ryuichi Nishiyama
4 Machine Learning with Muographic Images as Input: an Application to Volcano Eruption Forecasting
László Oláh and Hiroyuki K M Tanaka
Part II: Muography for Volcanic Investigations
5 Observation of the Dynamics of Hydrothermal Activity in La Soufrière of Guadeloupe Volcano with Joint Muography, Gravimetry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Seismic and Temperature Monitoring
Dominique Gibert, Jean deBremond d’Ars, Bruno Carlus, Sébastien Deroussi, Jean-Christophe Ianigro, David Jessop, Kevin Jourde, Bruno Kergosien, Yves Le Gonidec, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jacques Marteau, Roberto Moretti, Florence Nicollin, and Marina Rosas-Carbajal
6 Structure of the Shallow Supply System at Stromboli Volcano through Integration of Muography, Digital Elevation Models, Seismicity, and Ground Deformation Data
Valeri Tioukov, Flora Giudicepietro, Giovanni Macedonio, Sonia Calvari, Federico Di Traglia, Alessandro Fornaciai, and Massimiliano Favalli
7 Three Years of Muography at Mount Etna: Results and Interpretation
Domenico Lo Presti, Giuseppe Gallo, Danilo Luigi Bonanno, Giovanni Bonanno, Carmelo Ferlito, Paola La Rocca, Santo Reito, Francesco Riggi, and Giuseppe Romeo
8 Muography of Magma Intrusion Beneath the Active Craters of Sakurajima Volcano
László Oláh and Hiroyuki K M Tanaka
9 Muography of the Volcanic Structure of the Summit of Vesuvius
Giovanni Macedonio, Giulio Saracino, Fabio Ambrosino, Guglielmo Baccani, Lorenzo Bonechi, Alan Bross, Massimo Bongi, Antonio Caputo, Roberto Ciaranfi, Luigi Cimmino, Vitaliano Ciulli, Raffaello D’Alessandro, Mariaelena D’Errico, Flora Giudicepietro, Sandro Gonzi, Vincenzo Masone, Nicola Mori, Pasquale Noli, Massimo Orazi, Giuseppe Passeggio, Rosario Peluso, Anna Pla-Dalmau, Giovanni Scarpato, Paolo Strolin, Enrico Vertechi, and Lorenzo Viliani
Part III: Muography for Environmental Applications
10 Water Resource Management: The Multi-technique Approach of the Low Background Noise Underground Research Laboratory of Rustrel, France, and its Muon Detection Projects
Ignacio Lázaro Roche, Sylvain Pasquet, Konstantinos Chalikakis, Naomi Mazzilli, Marina Rosas-Carbajal, Jean-Baptiste Decitre, Leїla Serene, Christelle Batiot-Guilhe, Christophe Emblanch, Jacques Marteau, and Stéphane Gaffet
11 Exploration of Underground Cave Systems with Muography
Gerg Hamar, Gergely Surányi, László Oláh, and Dezs Varga
12 Detection and 3D Reconstruction of Cavities Inside Mt Echia, Naples IT
Giulio Saracino, Fabio Ambrosino, Guglielmo Baccani, Lorenzo Bonechi, Luigi Cimmino, Raffaello D’Alessandro, Mariaelena D’Errico, and Paolo Strolin
13 Exploration of Hidden Topography Beneath Alpine Glaciers with Muography
Paola Scampoli, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Ciro Pistillo, Fritz Schlunegger, and Mykhailo Vladymyrov
14 Muography, a Key Technology for Monitoring Carbon Geostorage
Lee F Thompson, Jon G Gluyas, Joel Klinger, Vitaly A Kudryavtsev, Darren L Lincoln, David Woodward, and Max L Coleman
15 Future Prospects of Muography for Geological Research and Geotechnical and Mining Engineering
Marko J Holma, Zongxian Zhang, Pasi Kuusiniemi, Kai Loo, and Timo Enqvist
16 Muon Tomography for Underground Resources
Douglas Schouten, Donald Furseth, and Jacobus van Nieuwkoop
Part IV: Next Generation Muography
17 Development of Scintillator-Based Muon Detectors for Muography
Jacques Marteau, Jean deBremond d’Ars, Bruno Carlus, Antoine Chevalier, Amélie Cohu, Thierry Descombes, Dominique Gibert, Jean-Christophe Ianigro, Kevin Jourde, Bruno Kergosien, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jean-Luc Montorio, and Marina Rosas-Carbajal
18 Resistive Plate Chambers in Muography
Andrea Giammanco, Sofia Andringa, Eduardo Cortina Gil, and Michael Tytgat
19 Development of Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber-based Trackers for Muography
Dezső Varga, Gergő Hamar, and László Oláh
20 Development of Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors for Muography
Simon Bouteille and Sébastien Procureur
21 Development of Nuclear Emulsions for Muography
Kunihiro Morishima, Nobuko Kitagawa, and Akira Nishio
Index
Hiroyuki K.M Tanaka
Part I: Muographic Image Processing
2 Tomographic Imaging of Volcano Structures with Cosmic-ray Muons
Seigo Miyamoto and Shogo Nagahara
3 Joint Inversion of Muography and Gravity Data for 3D Density Imaging of Volcanoes
Ryuichi Nishiyama
4 Machine Learning with Muographic Images as Input: an Application to Volcano Eruption Forecasting
László Oláh and Hiroyuki K M Tanaka
Part II: Muography for Volcanic Investigations
5 Observation of the Dynamics of Hydrothermal Activity in La Soufrière of Guadeloupe Volcano with Joint Muography, Gravimetry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Seismic and Temperature Monitoring
Dominique Gibert, Jean deBremond d’Ars, Bruno Carlus, Sébastien Deroussi, Jean-Christophe Ianigro, David Jessop, Kevin Jourde, Bruno Kergosien, Yves Le Gonidec, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jacques Marteau, Roberto Moretti, Florence Nicollin, and Marina Rosas-Carbajal
6 Structure of the Shallow Supply System at Stromboli Volcano through Integration of Muography, Digital Elevation Models, Seismicity, and Ground Deformation Data
Valeri Tioukov, Flora Giudicepietro, Giovanni Macedonio, Sonia Calvari, Federico Di Traglia, Alessandro Fornaciai, and Massimiliano Favalli
7 Three Years of Muography at Mount Etna: Results and Interpretation
Domenico Lo Presti, Giuseppe Gallo, Danilo Luigi Bonanno, Giovanni Bonanno, Carmelo Ferlito, Paola La Rocca, Santo Reito, Francesco Riggi, and Giuseppe Romeo
8 Muography of Magma Intrusion Beneath the Active Craters of Sakurajima Volcano
László Oláh and Hiroyuki K M Tanaka
9 Muography of the Volcanic Structure of the Summit of Vesuvius
Giovanni Macedonio, Giulio Saracino, Fabio Ambrosino, Guglielmo Baccani, Lorenzo Bonechi, Alan Bross, Massimo Bongi, Antonio Caputo, Roberto Ciaranfi, Luigi Cimmino, Vitaliano Ciulli, Raffaello D’Alessandro, Mariaelena D’Errico, Flora Giudicepietro, Sandro Gonzi, Vincenzo Masone, Nicola Mori, Pasquale Noli, Massimo Orazi, Giuseppe Passeggio, Rosario Peluso, Anna Pla-Dalmau, Giovanni Scarpato, Paolo Strolin, Enrico Vertechi, and Lorenzo Viliani
Part III: Muography for Environmental Applications
10 Water Resource Management: The Multi-technique Approach of the Low Background Noise Underground Research Laboratory of Rustrel, France, and its Muon Detection Projects
Ignacio Lázaro Roche, Sylvain Pasquet, Konstantinos Chalikakis, Naomi Mazzilli, Marina Rosas-Carbajal, Jean-Baptiste Decitre, Leїla Serene, Christelle Batiot-Guilhe, Christophe Emblanch, Jacques Marteau, and Stéphane Gaffet
11 Exploration of Underground Cave Systems with Muography
Gerg Hamar, Gergely Surányi, László Oláh, and Dezs Varga
12 Detection and 3D Reconstruction of Cavities Inside Mt Echia, Naples IT
Giulio Saracino, Fabio Ambrosino, Guglielmo Baccani, Lorenzo Bonechi, Luigi Cimmino, Raffaello D’Alessandro, Mariaelena D’Errico, and Paolo Strolin
13 Exploration of Hidden Topography Beneath Alpine Glaciers with Muography
Paola Scampoli, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Ciro Pistillo, Fritz Schlunegger, and Mykhailo Vladymyrov
14 Muography, a Key Technology for Monitoring Carbon Geostorage
Lee F Thompson, Jon G Gluyas, Joel Klinger, Vitaly A Kudryavtsev, Darren L Lincoln, David Woodward, and Max L Coleman
15 Future Prospects of Muography for Geological Research and Geotechnical and Mining Engineering
Marko J Holma, Zongxian Zhang, Pasi Kuusiniemi, Kai Loo, and Timo Enqvist
16 Muon Tomography for Underground Resources
Douglas Schouten, Donald Furseth, and Jacobus van Nieuwkoop
Part IV: Next Generation Muography
17 Development of Scintillator-Based Muon Detectors for Muography
Jacques Marteau, Jean deBremond d’Ars, Bruno Carlus, Antoine Chevalier, Amélie Cohu, Thierry Descombes, Dominique Gibert, Jean-Christophe Ianigro, Kevin Jourde, Bruno Kergosien, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jean-Luc Montorio, and Marina Rosas-Carbajal
18 Resistive Plate Chambers in Muography
Andrea Giammanco, Sofia Andringa, Eduardo Cortina Gil, and Michael Tytgat
19 Development of Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber-based Trackers for Muography
Dezső Varga, Gergő Hamar, and László Oláh
20 Development of Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors for Muography
Simon Bouteille and Sébastien Procureur
21 Development of Nuclear Emulsions for Muography
Kunihiro Morishima, Nobuko Kitagawa, and Akira Nishio
Index
関連情報
www.muographix.u-tokyo.ac.jp
自著解説:
High-Definition Imaging of the Subsurface with Cosmic Ray Muons (『Eos』 2022年2月14日)
https://eos.org/editors-vox/high-definition-imaging-of-the-subsurface-with-cosmic-ray-muons
書評:
William Green 評 (『The Leading Edge』Volume 41、Issue 12、p.806-884 2022年12月)
https://doi.org/10.1190/tle41120879.1
関連記事:
総合研究博物館: ミュオグラフィ - 21世紀の透視図法 (東京大学ホームページ 2016年1月7日)
https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/ja/articles/a_00451.html
